Sickle cell anemia is a worldwide health problem. It affects many races, countries, and ethnic groups. It is a disease that is passed through families. One in 12 African Americans carry the sickle cell trait. That means they can pass the defect onto their offspring even though they do not have the disease. In the United States, about one in 400 African American newborns have it.

In affected persons, red blood cells change shape. They take on a crescent or sickle-shaped form that block small blood vessels. Due to this blockage, body tissues do not receive adequate blood and oxygen supply and tissue injuries result. These blockages can cause painful episodes that affect almost any system of the body. Organs can be severely damaged. The signs and symptoms of the disease vary in nature and severity. They depend on the organ or body system involved. Sickle cell anemia can also result in several types of anemia.

Sickle cell crises may start suddenly and may last from a few days to several weeks. Some people with the disease have painful episodes only once a year. Others may have as many as 15 to 20 episodes annually. Pain is the most common symptom. Sickle cell crises may be brought on by an infection, cold weather, or dehydration caused by prolonged vomiting and diarrhea. Sometimes crises occur for no apparent reason. Most people can manage these episodes at home. Some people have sever disease and may require frequent hospitalization.

Babies with sickle cell anemia can develop an enlarged spleen. This happens when large amounts of red blood cells are trapped in the liver and spleen. Parents can be taught how to feel for this so it can be detected and treated early.

It is important to prevent water loss by drinking extra fluids. Getting childhood immunizations on time, good wound care, good dental care and a balanced diet help prevent infections. Recently, research on bone marrow transplants has shown promise as a potential treatment. Urea, a blood product, may also have a place in the treatment of sickle cell disease.

For further information, please contact the Sickle Cell Disease Association of America at (800) 421-8453.

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